Fast and effective embedded systems design free pdf download

Fast and effective embedded systems design free pdf download

Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design,Description

Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design. Download Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online free Fast And Effective Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded systems design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded system design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded systems design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development environment. [PDF] DOWNLOAD General Aviation Aircraft Design: Applied Methods and Procedures -- 6fbca [PDF] DOWNLOAD Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Fifth ... read more

Using Digital Inputs 3. Digital Input and Output With the Application Board 3. Interfacing Simple Optodevices 3. Switching Larger DC Loads 3. Mini Project: Letter Counter Chapter Review Quiz Chapter 4. Analog Output 4. Introducing Data Conversion 4. Analog Outputs on the mbed 4. Another Form of Analog Output: Pulse Width Modulation 4. Pulse Width Modulation on the mbed Chapter Review Quiz Chapter 5. Analog Input 5. Analog-to-Digital Conversion ADC 5. Combining Analog Input and Output 5. Processing Data From Analog Inputs 5. Some Simple Analog Sensors 5. Exploring Data Conversion Timing 5. Mini Projects Chapter Review Quiz Chapter 6. Further Programming Techniques 6. The Benefits of Considered Program Design and Structure 6. Functions 6. Program Design 6. Working With Functions on the mbed 6. Modular Program Example 6.

Working With Bespoke Libraries Chapter Review Quiz References Chapter 7. Starting with Serial Communication 7. Introducing Synchronous Serial Communication 7. SPI 7. Intelligent Instrumentation 7. Evaluating SPI 7. Communicating With I 2 C-Enabled Sensors 7. Evaluating I 2 C 7. Asynchronous Serial Data Communication 7. USB 7. Mini Project: Multinode I 2 C Bus Chapter Review Quiz Chapter 8. Liquid Crystal Displays 8. Display Technologies 8. Using the PCF LCD 8. Using the mbed TextLCD Library 8. Displaying Analog Input Data on the LCD 8. Pixel Graphics—Implementing the NHD-C Display 8. Color LCDs—Interfacing the uLCDG2 8. Mini Project: Digital Spirit Level Chapter Review Quiz Chapter 9. Interrupts, Timers, and Tasks 9. Time and Tasks in Embedded Systems 9. Responding to External Events 9. Simple Interrupts on the mbed 9. Getting Deeper Into Interrupts 9.

An Introduction to Timers 9. Using the mbed Timer 9. Using the mbed Timeout 9. Using the mbed Ticker 9. The Real-Time Clock 9. Switch Debouncing 9. Where Do We Go From Here? The Real-Time Operating System 9. Mini Projects Chapter Review Quiz Chapter Memory and Data Management A Memory Review Introducing Pointers Using Data Files With the mbed Example mbed Data File Access Using External SD Card Memory With the mbed Using External USB Flash Memory With the mbed Mini Project: Accelerometer Data Logging on Exceeding Threshold Chapter Review Quiz Part II. Moving to Advanced and Specialist Applications Chapter Wireless Communication — Bluetooth and Zigbee Introducing Wireless Data Communication Bluetooth Zigbee Internet Communication and Control Introduction to Internet Communication The Ethernet Communication Protocol Local Area Network Communications With the mbed Using Remote Procedure Calls With the mbed Using the mbed With Wide Area Networks The Internet of Things Chapter Review Quiz Chapter Working With Digital Audio An Introduction to Digital Audio Addressing Register-file Memory mode Operand field contents contents Immediate Data Register- Register address Data direct Register Register address Memory address Data indirect Direct Memory address Data Indirect Memory address Memory address Data processor operations that the programmer may invoke.

Each such configuration forms an assembly instruction, and a sequence of such instructions forms an assembly program. An instruction typically has two parts, an opcode field and operand fields. An opcode specifies the operation to take place during the instruction. We can classify instructions into three categories. Branch instructions determine the address of the next program instruction, based possibly on datapath status signals. Branches can be further categorized as being unconditional jumps, conditional jumps or procedure call and return instructions. Unconditional jumps always determine the address of the next instruction, while conditional jumps do so only if some condition evaluates to true, such as a particular register containing zero. A call instruction, in addition to indicating the address of the next instruction, saves the address of the current instruction1 so that a subsequent return instruction can jump back to the instruction immediately following the most recent invoked call instruction.

An operand field specifies the location of the actual data that takes part in an operation. Source operands serve as input to the operation, while a destination operand stores the output. The number of operands per instruction varies among processors. Even for a given processor, the number of operands per instruction may vary depending on the instruction type. In immediate addressing, the operand field contains the data itself. In register addressing, the operand field contains the address of a datapath 1 On most machines, a call instruction increments the stack pointer, then stores the current program-counter at the memory location pointed to by the stack pointer, in effect performing a push operation. Conversely, a return instruction pops the top of the stack and branches back to the saved program location.

Assembly instruct. In register-indirect addressing, the operand field contains the address of a register, which in turn contains the address of a memory location in which the data resides. In direct addressing, the operand field contains the address of a memory location in which the data resides. In indirect addressing, the operand field contains the address of a memory location, which in turn contains the address of a memory location in which the data resides. Those familiar with structured languages may note that direct addressing implements regular variables, and indirect addressing implements pointers.

In inherent or implicit addressing, the particular register or memory location of the data is implicit in the opcode; for example, the data may reside in a register called the "accumulator. Jump instructions may use relative addressing to reduce the number of bits needed to indicate the jump address. A relative address indicates how far to jump from the current address, rather than indicating the complete address — such addressing is very common since most jumps are to nearby instructions. However, nearly every embedded system requires the programmer to write at least some portion of the program in assembly language. Such a device may require specific timing sequences of signals in order to receive data, and the programmer may find that writing assembly code achieves such timing most conveniently. A driver routine is a portion of a program written specifically to communicate with, or drive, another device.

Since drivers are often written in assembly language, the structured-language programmer may still require some familiarity with at least a subset of the instruction set. For example, a particular processor may have a 64K program space, and a 64K data space. The programmer must not exceed these limits. In addition, the programmer will probably want to be aware of on-chip program and data memory capacity, taking care to fit the necessary program and data in on-chip memory if possible. For example, a base register may exist, which permits the programmer to use a data-transfer instruction where the processor adds an operand field to the base register to obtain an actual memory address. Other special-function registers must be known by both the assembly-language and the structured-language programmer.

Such registers may be used for configuring built-in timers, counters, and serial communication devices, or for writing and reading external pins. In particular, the processor stores the current PC, and sets it to the address of the ISR. After the ISR completes, the processor resumes execution of the main program by restoring the PC. The programmer should be aware of the types of interrupts supported by the processor we describe several types in a subsequent chapter , and must write ISRs when necessary. The assembly-language programmer places each ISR at a specific address in program memory.

The structured-language programmer must do so also; some compilers allow a programmer to force a procedure to start at a particular memory location, while recognize pre-defined names for particular ISRs. For example, we may need to record the occurrence of an event from a peripheral device, such as the pressing of a button. Rather than requiring the user to insert checks for the event throughout the main program, the programmer merely need write an interrupt service routine and associate it with an input pin connected to the button. The processor will then call the routine automatically when the button is pressed. Writing and reading three special registers accomplishes parallel communication on the PC. Those three register are actually in an A Peripheral Interface Controller chip. In unidirectional mode, default power-on-reset mode , this device is capable of driving 12 output and five input lines. In the following table, we provide the parallel port known as LPT connector pin numbers and the corresponding register location.

Parallel port signals and associated registers. An LED light- emitting diode is connected to output pin number 2. Note that the in and out assembly instructions read and write the internal registers of the A. Both instructions take two operands, address and data. Address specifies the the register we are trying to read or write. This address is calculated by adding the address of the device, called the base address, to the address of the particular register as given in Figure 2. In most PCs, the base address of LPT1 is at 3BC hex though not always. The second operand is the data. For the in instruction, the content of this eight-bit operand will be written to the addressed register.

For the out instruction, the content of the addressed eight-bit register will be read into this operand. A mask is a bit-pattern designed such that ANDing it with a data item D yields a specific part of D. For example, a mask of can be used to yield bits 0 through 3, e. A mask of , or 10h in hexadecimal format, would yield bit 4. In Figure 2. Our assembly program is a simple form of a device driver program that provides a single procedure to the high-level application. While the trend is for embedded systems to be written in structured languages, this example shows that some small assembly program may still need to be written for low-level drivers. The task of managing the application layer involves the loading and executing of programs, sharing and allocating system resources to these programs, and protecting these allocated resources from corruption by non-owner programs.

One of the most important resource of a system is the central processing unit CPU , which is typically shared among a number of executing programs. The operating system, thus, is responsible for deciding what program is to run next on the CPU and for how long. Another very important resource is memory, including disk storage, which is also shared among the applications running on the CPU. In addition to implementing an environment for management of high-level application programs, the operating system provides the software required for servicing various hardware-interrupts, and provides device drivers for driving the peripheral devices present in the system. read the file JMP L2 -- bypass error cond. handle the error L2: hardware interrupt interrupts generated by the hardware service routines ISR to handle various signals generated by these devices2.

Then, it installs software interrupts interrupts generated by the software to process system calls calls made by high-level applications to request operating system services as described next. A system call is a mechanism for an application to invoke the operating system. This is analogous to a procedure or function call, as in high-level programming languages. When a program requires some service from the operating system, it generates a predefined software interrupt that is serviced by the operating system. Parameters specific to the requested services are typically passed from to the application program to from the operating system through CPU registers. Languages like C and Pascal provide wrapper functions around the system-calls to provide a high-level mechanism for performing system calls. In summary, the operating system abstracts away the details of the underlying hardware and provides the application layer an interface to the hardware through the system call mechanism.

First, we must distinguish between two processors we deal with when developing an embedded system. One processor is the development processor, on which we write and debug our program. This processor is part of our desktop computer. For example, we may develop our system on a Pentium processor, but use a Motorola 68HC11 as our target processor. Of course, sometimes the two processors happen to be the same, but this is mostly a coincidence. Assemblers translate assembly instructions to binary machine instructions.

In addition to just replacing opcode and operand mnemonics by binary equivalents, an assembler may also translate symbolic labels into actual addresses. For example, a programmer may add a symbolic label END to an instruction A, and may reference END in a branch instruction. The assembler determines the actual binary address of A, and replaces references to END by this address. The mapping of assembly instructions to machine instructions is one-to-one. A linker allows a programmer to create a program in 2 The operating system itself is loaded into memory by a small program that typically resides in a special ROM and is always executed after a power-on reset.

Compilers translate structured programs into machine or assembly programs. Structured programming languages possess high-level constructs that greatly simplify programming, such as loop constructs, so each high-level construct may translate to several or tens of machine instructions. Compiler technology has advanced tremendously over the past decades, applying numerous program optimizations, often yielding very size and performance efficient code. A cross-compiler executes on one processor our development processor , but generates code for a different processor our target processor. Cross-compilers are extremely common in embedded system development. Debuggers help programmers evaluate and correct their programs. They run on the development processor and support stepwise program execution, executing one instruction and then stopping, proceeding to the next instruction when instructed by the user.

They permit execution up to user-specified breakpoints, which are instructions that when encountered cause the program to stop executing. Whenever the program stops, the user can examine values of various memory and register locations. A source-level debugger enables step-by-step execution in the source program language, whether assembly language or a structured language. Emulators support debugging of the program while it executes on the target processor. An emulator typically consists of a debugger coupled with a board connected to the desktop processor via a cable.

The board consists of the target processor plus some support circuitry often another processor. The board may have another cable with a device having the same pin configuration as the target processor, allowing one to plug this device into a real embedded system. In- circuit emulators are available for nearly any processor intended for embedded use, though they can be quite expensive if they are to run at real speeds. The availability of low-cost or high-quality development environments for a processor often heavily influences the choice of a processor. These devices may include several features. First, they may include several peripheral devices, such as timers, analog to digital converters, and serial communication devices, on the same IC as the processor. Second, they may include some program and data memory on the same IC. Third, they may provide the programmer with direct access to a number of pins of the IC.

Fourth, they may provide specialized instructions for common embedded system operations, such as bit- manipulation operations. A microcontroller is a device possessing some or all of these features. Incorporating peripherals and memory onto the same IC reduces the number of required IC's, resulting in compact and low-power implementations. Providing pin access allows programs to easily monitor sensors, set actuators, and transfer data with other devices. Providing specialized instructions improves performance for embedded systems applications; thus, microcontrollers can be considered ASIPs to some degree.

Many manufactures market devices referred to as "embedded processors. From a technical perspective, one must choose a processor that can achieve the desired speed within certain power, size and cost constraints. Non-technical aspects may include prior expertise with a processor and its development environment, special licensing arrangements, and so on. Speed is a particularly difficult processor aspect to measure and compare. We could compare processor clock speeds, but the number of instructions per clock cycle may differ greatly among processors.

We could instead compare instructions per second, but the complexity of each instruction may also differ greatly among processors -- e. One attempt to provide a means for a fairer comparison is the Dhrystone benchmark. A benchmark is a program intended to be run on different processors to compare their performance. The Dhrystone benchmark was developed in by Reinhold Weicker specifically as a performance benchmark; it performs no useful work. It is written in C and in the public domain. Since most processors can execute it in milliseconds, it is typically executed thousands of times, and thus a processor is said to be able to execute so many Dhrystones per second. Another commonly-used speed comparison unit, which happens to be based on the Dhrystone, is MIPS.

One might think that MIPS simply means Millions of Instructions Per Second, but actually the common use of the term is based on a somewhat more complex notion. This unit for MIPS is the one used today. The use and validity of benchmark data is a subject of great controversy. There is also a clear need for benchmarks that measure performance of embedded processors. Numerous general-purpose processors have evolved in the recent years and are in common use today. A general- purpose processor consists of a controller and datapath, with a memory to store program and data. The designer may write some parts of this program, such as driver routines, using assembly language, while writing other parts in a structured language.

Many tools exist to support the designer, including assemblers, compilers, debuggers, device programmers and emulators. The designer often makes use of microcontrollers, which are processors specifically targeted to embedded systems. The designer has a variety of processors from which to choose. Provides an overview of the architecture and on-chip peripherals, describes a large number of derivatives each with various features, describes the I2C and CAN bus protocols, and highlights development support tools. Microprocessors and microcomputer-based system design. Boca Raton: CRC Press, ISBN Provides an overview of general-purpose processor architecture, along with detailed descriptions of various Intel 80xx and Motorola series processors. A monthly publication covering trends in various aspects of general-purpose processors for embedded systems, including programming, compilers, operating systems, emulators, device programmers, microcontrollers, PLDs, and memories. A monthly report providing in-depth coverage of trends, announcements, and technical details, for desktop, mobile, and embedded microprocessors.

Describe why a general-purpose processor could cost less than a single-purpose processor you design yourself. Detail the stages of executing the MOV instructions of Figure 2. Example: the stages for the ADD instruction are -- 1 fetch M[PC] into IR, 2 read Rn and Rm from register file through ALU configured for ADD, storing results back in Rn. Add one instruction to the instruction set of Figure 2. Hint: add a new branch instruction. Show the reduced program. Create a table listing the address spaces for the following address sizes: a 8-bit, b bit, c bit, d bit, e bit. Illustrate how program and data memory fetches can be overlapped in a Harvard architecture. Read the entire problem before beginning: a Write a C program that clears an array "short int M[].

Hint: your program should only be a couple lines long. b Assuming M starts at location and thus ends at location , write the same program in assembly language using the earlier instruction set. c Measure the time it takes you to perform parts a and b, and report those times. Acquire a databook for a microcontroller. List the features of the basic version of that microcontroller, including key characteristics of the instruction set number of instructions of each type, length per instruction, etc. For the above microcontroller, create a table listing 5 existing variations of that microcontroller, stressing the features that differ from the basic version. The processor may be a standard one, intended for use in a wide variety of applications in which the same task must be performed. The manufacturer of such an off-the-shelf processor sells the device in large quantities.

On the other hand, the processor may be a custom one, built by a designer to implement a task specific to a particular application. First, performance may be fast, since the processor is customized for the particular task at hand. Not only might the task execute in fewer clock cycles, but also those cycles themselves may be shorter. Fewer clock cycles may result from many datapath components operating in parallel, from datapath components passing data directly to one another without the need for intermediate registers chaining , or from elimination of program memory fetches. Shorter cycles may result from simpler functional units, less multiplexors, or simpler control logic. For standard single-purpose processors, manufacturers may spread NRE cost over many units. Thus, the processor's clock cycle may be further reduced by the use of custom IC technology, leading-edge IC's, and expert designers, just as is the case with general-purpose processors. Second, size may be small.

A single-purpose processor does not require a program memory. Also, since it does not need to support a large instruction set, it may have a simpler datapath and controller. Third, a standard single-purpose processor may have low unit cost, due to the manufacturer spreading NRE cost over many units. Likewise, NRE cost may be low, since the embedded system designer need not design a standard single-purpose processor, and may not even need to program it. There are of course tradeoffs. If we are already using a general-purpose processor, then implementing a task on an additional single-purpose processor rather than in software may add to the system size and power consumption.

In this chapter, we describe the basic functionality of several standard single- purpose processors commonly found in embedded systems. The level of detail of the description is intended to be enough to enable using such processors, but not necessarily to design one. We often refer to standard single-purpose processors as peripherals, because they usually exist on the periphery of the CPU. However, microcontrollers tightly integrate these peripherals with the CPU, often placing them on-chip, and even assigning peripheral registers to the CPU's own register space. The result is the common term "on- chip peripherals," which some may consider somewhat of an oxymoron. A time interval is a "real-time" measure of time, such as 3 milliseconds.

These devices are extremely useful in systems in which a particular action, such as sampling an input signal or generating an output signal, must be performed every X time units. Internally, a simple timer may consist of a register, counter, and an extremely simple controller. The register holds a count value representing the number of clock cycles that equals the desired real-time value. The counter is initially loaded with the count value, and then counts down on every clock cycle until 0 is reached, at which point an output signal is generated, the count value is reloaded, and the process repeats itself.

To use a timer, we must configure it write to its registers , and respond to its output signal. When we use a timer in conjunction with a general-purpose processor, we typically respond to the timer signal by assigning it to an interrupt, so we include the desired action in an interrupt service routine. Many microcontrollers that include built-in timers will have special interrupts just for its timers, distinct from external interrupts. Note that we could use a general-purpose processor to implement a timer. Knowing the number of cycles that each instruction requires, we could write a loop that executed the desired number of instructions; when this loop completes, we know that the desired time passed. This implementation of a timer on a dedicated general-purpose processor is obviously quite inefficient in terms of size.

Thus, the benefit of assigning timer functionality to a special-purpose processor becomes evident. A counter is nearly identical to a timer, except that instead of counting clock cycles pulses on the clock signal , a counter counts pulses on some other input signal. A watchdog timer can be thought of as having the inverse functionality than that of a regular timer. We configure a watchdog timer with a real-time value, just as with a regular timer. However, instead of the timer generating a signal for us every X time units, we must generate a signal for the timer every X time units.

If we fail to generate this signal in time, then the timer generates a signal indicating that we failed. We often connect this signal to the reset or interrupt signal of a general-purpose processor. Thus, a watchdog timer provides a mechanism of ensuring that our software is working properly; every so often in the software, we include a statement that generates a signal to the watchdog timer in particular, that resets the timer. If something undesired happens in the software e. Using an interrupt service routine, we may record information as to the number of failures and the causes of each, so that a service technician may later evaluate this information to determine if a particular part requires replacement. The principles of serial communication appear in a later chapter. Principles of serial communication will be discussed in a later chapter. For our purpose in this section, we must be aware that we must set the transmission and reception rate, called the baud rate, which indicates the frequency that the signal changes.

Common rates include , , , and We must also be aware that an extra bit may be added to each data word, called parity, to detect transmission errors -- the parity bit is set to high or low to indicate if the word has an even or odd number of bits. Internally, a simple UART may possess a baud-rate configuration register, and two independently operating processors, one for receiving and the other for transmitting. The transmitter may possess a register, often called a transmit buffer, that holds data to be sent. This register is a shift register, so the data can be transmitted one bit at a time by shifting at the appropriate rate. Note that in order to shift at the appropriate rate based on the configuration register, a UART requires a timer. Unfortunately, configuring the baud rate is usually not as simple as writing the desired rate e. Note that we could use a general-purpose processor to implement a UART completely in software.

If we used a dedicated general-processor, the implementation would be inefficient in terms of size. We could alternatively integrate the transmit and receive functionality with our main program. However, as with the timer functionality, adding send and receive functionality can detract from time for other computations. One common use of a PWM is to control the average current or voltage input to a device. For example, a DC motor rotates when power is applied, and this power can be turned on and off by setting an input high or low. This approach works because a DC motor does not come to an immediate stop when power is turned off, but rather it coasts, much like a bicycle coasts when we stop pedaling. Increasing the duty cycle increases the motor speed, and decreasing the duty cycle decreases the speed. This duty cycle adjustment principle applies to the control other types of electric devices, such as dimmer lights.

Another use of a PWM is to encode control commands in a single signal for use by another device. For example, we may control a radio-controlled car by sending pulses of different widths. Perhaps a 1 ms width corresponds to a turn left command, a 4 ms width to turn right, and 8 ms to forward. LCDs are extremely common in embedded systems, since such systems often do not have video monitors standard for desktop systems. LCDs can be found in numerous common devices like watches, fax and copy machines, and calculators. The basic principle of one type of LCD reflective works as follows. First, incoming light passes through a polarizing plate. Next, that polarized light encounters liquid crystal material.

Otherwise, the light does not pass through. Finally, light that has passed through hits a mirror and reflects back, so the excited region appears to light up. Another type of LCD absorption works similarly, but uses a black surface instead of a mirror. The surface below the excited region absorbs light, thus appearing darker than the other regions. One of the simplest LCDs is 7-segment LCD. Each of the 7 segments can be activated to display any digit character or one of several letters and symbols. Such an LCD may have 7 inputs, each corresponding to a segment, or it may have only 4 inputs to represent the numbers 0 through 9. An LCD driver converts these inputs to the electrical signals necessary to excite the appropriate LCD segments. A dot-matrix LCD consists of a matrix of dots that can display alphanumeric characters letters and digits as well as other symbols.

A common dot-matrix LCD has 5 columns and 8 rows of dots for one character. An LCD driver converts input data into the appropriate electrical signals necessary to excite the appropriate LCD bits. Each type of LCD may be able to display multiple characters. In addition, each character may be displayed in normal or inverted fashion. The LCD may permit a character to be blinking cycling through normal and inverted display or may permit display of a cursor such as a blinking underscore indicating the "current" character. This functionality would be difficult for us to implement using software.

Thus, we use an LCD controller to provide us with a simple interface, perhaps 8 data inputs and one enable input. To send a byte to the LCD, we provide a value to the 8 inputs and pulse the enable. This byte may be a control word, which instructs the LCD controller to initialize the LCD, clear the display, select the position of the cursor, brighten the display, and so on. Alternatively, this byte may be a data word, such as an ASCII character, instructing the LCD to display the character at the currently-selected display position. Again, keypads are extremely common in embedded systems, since such systems may lack the keyboard that comes standard with desktop systems. A simple keypad has buttons arranged in an N-column by M-row grid. The device has N outputs, each output corresponding to a column, and another M outputs, each output corresponding to a row. When we press a button, one column output and one row output go high, uniquely identifying the pressed button.

To read such a keypad from software, we must scan the column and row outputs. A simple form of such a controller scans the column and row outputs of the keypad. When the controller detects a button press, it stores a code corresponding to that button into a register and sets an output high, indicating that a button has been pressed. Our software may poll this output every milliseconds or so, and read the register when the output is high. Alternatively, this output can generate an interrupt on our general-purpose processor, eliminating the need for polling. In contrast, a regular electric motor rotates continuously whenever power is applied, coasting to a stop when power is removed.

We specify a stepper motor either by the number of degrees in a single step, such as 1. Stepper motors obviously abound in embedded systems with moving parts, such as disk drives, printers, photocopy and fax machines, robots, camcorders, VCRs, etc. Internally, a stepper motor typically has four coils. To rotate the motor one step, we pass current through one or two of the coils; the particular coils depends on the present orientation of the motor. Thus, rotating the motor Ε requires applying current to the coils in a specified sequence. Applying the sequence in reverse causes reversed rotation.

In some cases, the stepper motor comes with four inputs corresponding to the four coils, and with documentation that includes a table indicating the proper input sequence. To control the motor from software, we must maintain this table in software, and write a step routine that applies high values to the inputs based on the table values that follow the previously-applied values. In other cases, the stepper motor comes with a built-in controller i. Thus, we merely create a pulse on an input signal of the motor, causing the controller to generate the appropriate high signals to the coils that will cause the motor to rotate one step. Analog refers to continuously-valued signal, such as temperature or speed represented by a voltage between 0 and , with infinite possible values in between.

By converting between analog and digital signals, we can use digital processors in an analog environment. For example, consider the analog signal of Figure 3. The analog input voltage varies over time from 1 to 4 Volts. We sample the signal at successive time units, and encode the current voltage into a 4-bit binary number. Conversely, consider Figure 3. We want to generate an analog output voltage for the given binary numbers over time. We generate the analog signal shown. This proportionality of the voltage and digital encoding is shown graphically in Figure 3. In our example of Figure 3. The above discussion assumes a minimum voltage of 0V. Internally, DACs possess simpler designs than ADCs. A DAC has n inputs for the digital encoding d, a Vmax analog input, and an analog output e. A fairly straightforward circuit involving resistors and an op-amp can be used to convert d to e. Given a Vmax analog input and an analog input e, how does the converter know what binary value to assign in order to satisfy the above ratio?

Unlike DACs, there is no simple analog circuit to compute d from e. Instead, an ADC may itself contain a DAC also connected to Vmax. If the two sufficiently match, then the ADC has found a proper encoding. So now the question remains: how do we guess the correct encoding? This problem is analogous to the common computer-programming problem of finding an item in a list. One approach is sequential search, or "counting-up" in analog- digital terminology. In this approach, we start with an encoding of 0, then 1, then 2, etc. Unfortunately, while simple, this approach in the worst case for high voltage values requires 2n comparisons, so it may be quite slow. A faster solution uses what programmers call binary search, or "successive approximation" in analog-digital terminology. We start with an encoding corresponding half of the maximum.

We then compare the resulting analog value with the original; if the resulting value is greater less than the original, we set the new encoding to halfway between this one and the maximum minimum. We continue this process, dividing the possible encoding range in half at each step, until the compared voltages are equal. This technique requires at most n comparisons. However, it requires a more complex converter. Because ADCs must guess the correct encoding, they require some time. Thus, in addition to the analog input and digital output, they include an input "start" that starts the conversion, and an ouput "done" to indicate that the conversion is complete.

Read-time clocks are typically composed of a crystal-controlled oscillator, numerous cascaded counters, and a battery backup. The crystal-controlled oscillator generates a very consistent high-frequency digital pulse that feed the cascaded counters. The first counter, typically, counts these pulses up to the oscillator frequency, which corresponds to exactly one second. At this point, it generates a pulse that feeds the next counter. This counter counts up to 59, at which point it generates a pulse feeding the minute counter. The hour, date, month and year counters work in similar fashion. In addition, real-time clocks adjust for leap years. The rechargeable back-up battery is used to keep the real-time clock running while the system is powered off. It should be noted that, given a timer peripheral, it is possible to implement a real-time clock in software running on a processor.

In fact, many systems use this approach to maintain the time. However, the drawback of such systems is that when the processor is shut down or reset, the time is lost. These standard single-purpose processors may be fast, small, and have low unit and NRE costs. A timer informs us when a particular interval of time as passed, while a watchdog timer requires us to signal it within a particular interval to indicate that a program is running without error. A counter informs us when a particular number of pulses have occurred on a signal. A UART converts parallel data to serial data, and vice-versa. A PWM generates pulses on an output signal, with specific high and low times. An LCD controller simplifies the writing of characters to an LCD. A keypad controller simplifies capture and decoding of a button press.

A stepper-motor controller assists us to rotate a stepper motor a fixed amount forwards or backwards. ADCs and DACs convert analog signals to digital, and vice-versa. A real-time clock keeps track of date and time. Most of these single-purpose processors could be implemented as software on a general-purpose processor, but such implementation can be burdensome. These processors thus simplify embedded system design tremendously. Many microcontrollers integrate these processors on-chip. Includes information on a variety of single- purpose processors, such as programs for implementing or using timers and UARTs on microcontrollers. Peter Spasov. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Contains descriptions of principles and details for common 68HC11 peripherals. Given a clock frequency of 10 MHz, determine the number of clock cycles corresponding to a real-time interval of ms.

A particular motor operates at 10 revolutions per second when its controlling input voltage is 3. Assume that you are using a microcontroller with a PWM whose output port can be set high 5 V or low 0 V. a Compute the duty cycle necessary to obtain 10 revolutions per second. b Provide values for a pulse width and period that achieve this duty cycle. Given an analog output signal whose voltage should range from 0 to 10 V, and a 8- bit digital encoding, provide the encodings for the following desired voltages: a 0 V, b 1 V, c 5. e What is the resolution of our conversion? Given an analog input signal whose voltage ranges from 0 to 5 V, and an 8-bit digital encoding, calculate the correct encoding, and then trace the successive- approximation approach i.

Determine the values for smod and TH1 to generate a baud rate of for the baud rate equation in the chapter, assuming an Remember that smod is 2 bits and TH1 is 8 bits. While a manufacturer builds a standard single-purpose processor for use in a variety of applications, we build a custom single- purpose processor to execute a specific task within our embedded system. First, performance may be fast, due to fewer clock cycles resulting from a customized datapath, and due to shorter clock cycles resulting from simpler functional units, less multiplexors, or simpler control logic.

Second, size may be small, due to a simpler datapath and no program memory. In fact, the processor may be faster and smaller than a standard one implementing the same functionality, since we can optimize the implementation for our particular task. However, because we probably won't manufacture as many of the custom processor as a standard processor, we may not be able to invest as much NRE, unless the embedded system we are building will be sold in large quantities or does not have tight cost constraints. This fact could actually penalize performance and size. In this chapter, we describe basic techniques for designing custom processors. We start with a review of combinational and sequential design, and then describe a method for converting programs to custom single-purpose processors.

Combinations of transistors form more abstract components called logic gates, which designers primarily use when building digital systems. Thus, we begin with a short description of transistors before discussing logic design. One type of transistor CMOS -- Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor is shown in Figure 4. The gate not to be confused with logic gate controls whether or not current flows from the source to the drain. When low voltage which we'll refer to as logic 0, typically ground, which is drawn as several horizontal lines of decreasing width is applied to the gate, the transistor does not conduct. We can also build a transistor with the opposite functionality, illustrated in in Figure 4. When logic 0 is applied to the gate, the transistor conducts, and when logic 1 is applied, the transistor does not conduct.

Given these two basic transistors, we can easily build a circuit whose output inverts its gate input, as shown in in Figure 4. When the input x is logic 0, the top transistor conducts and the bottom does not , so logic 1 appears at the output F. We can also easily build a circuit whose output is logic 1 when at least one of its inputs is logic 0, as shown in Figure 4. When at least one of the inputs x and y is logic 0, then at least one of the top transistors conducts and the bottom transistors do not , so logic 1 appears at F. If both inputs are logic 1, then neither of the top transistors conducts, but both of the bottom ones do, so logic 0 appears at F. Likewise, we can easily build a circuit whose output is logic 1 when both of its inputs are logic 0, as illustrated in Figure 4. The three circuits shown implement three basic logic gates: an inverter, a NAND gate, and a NOR gate. Figure 4. Each gate is represented symbolically, with a Boolean equation, and with a truth table.

The truth table has inputs on the left, and output on the right. The AND gate outputs 1 if and only if both inputs are 1. The OR gate outputs 1 if and only if at least one of the inputs is 1. The XOR exclusive-OR gate outputs 1 if and only if exactly one of its two inputs is 1. The NAND, NOR, and XNOR gates output the complement of AND, OR, and XOR, respectively. As you might have noticed from our transistor implementations, the NAND and NOR gates are actually simpler to build than AND and OR gates. A combinational circuit is a digital circuit whose output is purely a function of its current inputs; such a circuit has no memory of past inputs. We can apply a simple technique to design a combinational circuit using our basic logic gates, as illustrated in Figure 4. We start with a problem description, which describes the outputs in terms of the inputs. We translate that description to a truth table, with all possible combinations of input values on the left, and desired output values on the right.

For each output column, we can derive an output equation, with one term per row. However, we often want to minimize the logic gates in the circuit. We can minimize the output equations by algebraically manipulating the equations. a Problem description d Minimized output equations y bc 00 01 11 10 y is 1 if a is equal to 1, or b and c is a equal to 1. Although we can design all combinational circuits in the above manner, large circuits would be very complex to design. For example, a circuit with 16 inputs would have , or 64K, rows in its truth table. One way to reduce the complexity is to use components that are more abstract than logic gates. We now describe each briefly. A multiplexor, sometimes called a selector, allows only one of its data inputs Im to pass through to the output O.

Thus, a multiplexor acts much like a railroad switch, allowing only one of multiple input tracks to connect to a single output track. If there are m data inputs, then there are log2 m select lines S, and we call this an m-by-1 multiplexor m data inputs, one data output. The binary value of S determines which data input passes through; For example, an 8x1 multiplexor has 8 data inputs and thus 3 select lines. If those three select lines have values of , then I6 will pass through to the output. So if I6 is 1, then the output would be 1; if I6 is 0, then the output would be 0.

We commonly use a more complex device called an n-bit multiplexor, in which each data input, as well as the output, consists of n lines. Suppose the previous example used a 4-bit 8x1 multiplexor. Thus, if I6 is , then the output would be Note that n does not affect the number of select lines. n-1 1 0 n means … n wires A decoder converts its binary input I into a one-hot output O. Thus, if there are n outputs, then there must be log2 n inputs. We call this a log2 n xn decoder. For example, a 3x8 decoder has 3 inputs and 8 outputs. If the input is , then the output O0 will be 1. If the input is , then the output O1 would be 1, and so on.

A common feature on a decoder is an extra input called enable. When enable is 0, all outputs are 0. When enable is 1, the decoder functions as before. An adder adds two n-bit binary inputs A and B, generating an n-bit output sum along with an output carry. For example, a 4-bit adder would have a 4-bit A input, a 4-bit B input, a 4-bit sum output, and a 1-bit carry output. If A is and B is , then sum would be and carry would be 1. A comparator compares two n-bit binary inputs A and B, generating outputs that indicate whether A is less than, equal to, or greater than B. If A is and B is , then less would be 0, equal would be 0, and greater would be 1. An ALU arithmetic-logic unit can perform a variety of arithmetic and logic functions on its n-bit inputs A and B. The select lines S choose the current function; if there are m possible functions, then there must be at least log2 m select lines. Common functions include addition, subtraction, AND, and OR.

and clock 8. In other words, sequential logic possesses memory. One of the most basic sequential circuits is the flip-flop. A flip-flop stores a single bit. The simplest type of flip-flop is the D flip-flop. It has two inputs: D and clock. When clock is 1, the value of D is stored in the flip-flop, and that value appears at an output Q. When clock is 0, the value of D is ignored; the output Q maintains its value. Another type of flip-flop is the SR flip-flop, which has three inputs: S, R and clock. When clock is 0, the previously stored bit is maintained and appears at output Q. When clock is 1, the inputs S and R are examined. If S is 1, a 1 is stored.

If R is 1, a 0 is stored. If both are 1, behavior is undefined. Thus, S stands for set, and R for reset. Another flip-flop type is a JK flip-flop, which is the same as an SR flip-flop except that when both J and K are 1, the stored bit toggles from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1. To prevent unexpected behavior from signal glitches, flip-flops are typically designed to be edge- triggered, meaning they only pay attention to their non-clock inputs when the clock is rising from 0 to 1, or alternatively when the clock is falling from 1 to 0. Just as we used more abstract combinational components to implement complex combinational systems, we also use more abstract sequential components for complex sequential systems. A register stores n bits from its n-bit data input I, with those stored bits appearing at its output O. A register usually has at least two control inputs, clock and load. For a rising-edge-triggered register, the inputs I are only stored when load is 1 and clock is rising from 0 to 1.

The clock input is usually drawn as a small triangle, as shown in the figure. Another common register control input is clear, which resets all bits to 0, regardless of the value of I. Because all n bits of the register can be stored in parallel, we often refer to this type of register as a parallel-load register, to distinguish it from a shift register, which we now describe. A shift register stores n bits, but these bits cannot be stored in parallel. Instead, they must be shifted into the register serially, meaning one bit per clock edge. A shift register has a one-bit data input I, and at least two control inputs clock and shift.

The first bit is typically shifted out, meaning it appears over an output Q. A counter is a register that can also increment add binary 1 to its stored binary value. A counter often also has a parallel load data input and associated control signal. A common counter feature is both up and down counting incrementing and decrementing , requiring an additional control input to indicate the count direction. The control inputs discussed above can be either synchronous or asynchronous. Typically, clear control lines are asynchronous. Sequential logic design can be achieved using a straightforward technique, whose steps are illustrated in Figure 4. We again start with a problem description. We translate this description to a state diagram. We describe state diagrams further in a later chapter. The desired output values are listed next to each state. The input conditions that cause a transistion from one state to another are shown next to each arc.

In other words, all inputs are synchronous. State diagrams can also describe asynchronous systems, but we do not cover such systems in this book, since they are not common. We will implement this state diagram using a register to store the current state, and combinational logic to generate the output values and the next state. We assign each state with a unique binary value, and we then create a truth table for the combinational logic. The inputs for the combinational logic are the state bits coming from the state register, and the external inputs, so we list all combinations of these inputs on the left side of the table.

The outputs for the combinational logic are the state bits to be loaded into the register on the next clock edge the next state , and the external output values, so we list desired values of these outputs for each input combination on the right side of the table. Because we used a state diagram for which outputs were a function of the current state only, and not of the inputs, we list an external output value only for each possible state, ignoring the external input values. Now that we have a truth table, we proceed with combinational logic design as described earlier, by generating minimized output equations, and then drawing the combinational logic circuit.

Therefore, we have nearly all the knowledge we need to build a custom single-purpose processor for a given program, since a processor consists of a controller and a datapath. We now describe a technique for building such a processor. We begin with a sequential program we must implement. Thus, if the inputs are 12 and 8, the output should be 4. If the inputs are 13 and 5, the output should be 1. a Problem description e Minimized output equations Q1Q0 You want to construct a clock divider. I1 00 01 11 10 Slow down your pre-existing clock so a that you output a 1 for every four clock 0 0 0 1 1 cycles. c2 next loop-body- statement statements c1 stmts c2 stmts others J: J: next next statement statement variables.

Thus, these more complex state diagram looks like a sequential program in which statements have been scheduled into states. We can use templates to convert a program to a state diagram, as illustrated in Figure 4. First, we classify each statement as an assignment statement, loop statement, or branch if-then-else or case statement. For an assignment statement, we create a state with that statement as its action. We add an arc from this state to the state for the next statement, whatever type it may be.

For a loop statement, we create a condition state C and a join state J, both with no actions. We also add an arc from the join state back to the condition state. For a branch statement, we create a condition state C and a join state J, both with no actions. We repeat this for each branch. Using this template approach, we convert our GCD program to the complex state diagram of Figure 4. We are now well on our way to designing a custom single-purpose processor that executes the GCD program. Our next step is to divide the functionality into a datapath part and a controller part, as shown in Figure 4. The datapath part should consist of an interconnection of combinational and sequential components. The controller part should consist of a basic state diagram, i. First, we create a register for any declared variable.

In the example, these are x and y. We treat an output port as having an implicit variable, so we create a register d and connect it to the output port. We also draw the input and output ports. Second, we create a functional unit for each arithmetic operation in the state diagram.

Download Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online free Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded system design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development environment. Each chapter introduces a major topic in embedded systems, and proceeds as a series of practical experiments, adopting a "learning through doing" strategy. Minimal background knowledge is needed. Once the basics are covered, the book progresses to some "hot" embedded issues - intelligent instrumentation, networked systems, closed loop control, and digital signal processing. Written by two experts in the field, this book reflects on the experimental results, develops and matches theory to practice, evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the technology or technique introduced, and considers applications and the wider context.

Numerous exercises and end of chapter questions are included. A hands-on introduction to the field of embedded systems; A focus on fast prototyping of embedded systems; All key embedded system concepts covered through simple and effective experimentation; An understanding of ARM technology, one of the world's leaders; A practical introduction to embedded C; Applies possibly the most accessible set of tools available in the embedded world. This book is an introduction to embedded systems design, using the ARM mbed and C programming language as development tools. The mbed provides a compact, self-contained and low-cost hardware core, and the on-line compiler requires no download or installation, being accessible wherever an internet link exists. The book further combines these with a simple "breadboard" approach, whereby simple circuits are built up around the mbed, with no soldering or pcb assembly required.

The book adopts a "learning through doing" approach. Each chapter is based around a major topic in embedded systems. The chapter proceeds as a series of practical experiments; the reader sets up a simple hardware system, develops and downloads a simple program, and immediately observes and tests the outcomes. The book then reflects on the experimental results, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the technology or technique introduced, explores how precise the link is between theory and practice, and considers applications and the wider context. The only book that explains how to use ARM's mbed development toolkit to help the speedy and easy development of embedded systems. Teaches embedded systems core principles in the context of developing quick applications, making embedded systems development an easy task for the non specialist who does not have a deep knowledge of electronics or software All key concepts are covered through simple and effective experimentation.

Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded systems design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development environment. Minimal background knowledge is needed to start. Once the basics are covered, the book progresses to some "hot" embedded issues — intelligent instrumentation, wireless and networked systems, digital audio and digital signal processing. In this new edition all examples and peripheral devices are updated to use the most recent libraries and peripheral devices, with increased technical depth, and introduction of the "mbed enabled" concept. Written by two experts in the field, this book reflects on the experimental results, develops and matches theory to practice, evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the technology and techniques introduced, and considers applications in a wider context.

Authored by two of the leading authorities in the field, this guide offers readers the knowledge and skills needed to achieve proficiency with embedded software. Embedded microcontrollers enable products with sophisticated control, precise timing, low unit cost, low development cost, and high design flexibility. This book shows how to design and optimize embedded systems using the energy-efficient RL78 family of microcontrollers from Renesas Electronics Inc. The book is suitable for practicing engineers and both undergraduate and graduate classes on embedded systems.

The first section of the book provides an introduction to developing embedded systems efficiently. Execution time profiling finds the slow parts of the program quickly and guides speed optimization efforts. Examining object code helps determine if the compiler is working well enough. Real-time system analysis enables the calculation of response times and schedulability. A good design will trade off supply voltage, operating frequency, standby and shutdown modes to meet energy or power goals. Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principles and Applications is a hands-on introduction to the principles and practice of embedded system design using the PIC microcontroller. Packed with helpful examples and illustrations, the book provides an in-depth treatment of microcontroller design as well as programming in both assembly language and C, along with advanced topics such as techniques of connectivity and networking and real-time operating systems.

In this one book students get all they need to know to be highly proficient at embedded systems design. This text combines embedded systems principles with applications, using the16F84A, 16FA and the 18F PIC microcontrollers. Students learn how to apply the principles using a multitude of sample designs and design ideas, including a robot in the form of an autonomous guide vehicle. Coverage between software and hardware is fully balanced, with full presentation given to microcontroller design and software programming, using both assembler and C. This textbook will be ideal for introductory courses and lab-based courses on embedded systems, microprocessors using the PIC microcontroller, as well as more advanced courses which use the 18F series and teach C programming in an embedded environment. Engineers in industry and informed hobbyists will also find this book a valuable resource when designing and implementing both simple and sophisticated embedded systems using the PIC microcontroller.

Until the late s, information processing was associated with large mainframe computers and huge tape drives. During the s, this trend shifted toward information processing with personal computers, or PCs. The trend toward miniaturization continues and in the future the majority of information processing systems will be small mobile computers, many of which will be embedded into larger products and interfaced to the physical environment. Hence, these kinds of systems are called embedded systems. Embedded systems together with their physical environment are called cyber-physical systems. Examples include systems such as transportation and fabrication equipment. It is expected that the total market volume of embedded systems will be significantly larger than that of traditional information processing systems such as PCs and mainframes.

Embedded systems share a number of common characteristics. For example, they must be dependable, efficient, meet real-time constraints and require customized user interfaces instead of generic keyboard and mouse interfaces. Therefore, it makes sense to consider common principles of embedded system design. Embedded System Design starts with an introduction into the area and a survey of specification models and languages for embedded and cyber-physical systems. It provides a brief overview of hardware devices used for such systems and presents the essentials of system software for embedded systems, like real-time operating systems. The book also discusses evaluation and validation techniques for embedded systems. Furthermore, the book presents an overview of techniques for mapping applications to execution platforms.

Due to the importance of resource efficiency, the book also contains a selected set of optimization techniques for embedded systems, including special compilation techniques. The book closes with a brief survey on testing. Embedded System Design can be used as a text book for courses on embedded systems and as a source which provides pointers to relevant material in the area for PhD students and teachers. It assumes a basic knowledge of information processing hardware and software. In this new edition the latest ARM processors and other hardware developments are fully covered along with new sections on Embedded Linux and the new freeware operating system eCOS. The hot topic of embedded systems and the internet is also introduced. In addition a fascinating new case study explores how embedded systems can be developed and experimented with using nothing more than a standard PC.

Skip to content. Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design Download Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design. Download Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle. Programming Embedded Systems. Author : Michael Barr,Anthony Massa Publsiher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc. Download Programming Embedded Systems Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle. Creating Fast Responsive and Energy Efficient Embedded Systems Using the Renesas Rl78 Microcontroller. Author : Alexander G. Dean,James M. Conrad Publsiher : Unknown Total Pages : Release : Genre : Computers ISBN : GET BOOK. Download Creating Fast Responsive and Energy Efficient Embedded Systems Using the Renesas Rl78 Microcontroller Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle. Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers.

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Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded system design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development 12/07/ · Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded systems design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design is a fast-moving introduction to embedded systems design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its web-based development environment. [PDF] DOWNLOAD General Aviation Aircraft Design: Applied Methods and Procedures -- 6fbca [PDF] DOWNLOAD Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Fifth Fast and Effective Embedded Systems Design Applying the ARM mbed Rob Toulson Tim Wilmshurst Acknowledgements xix PART I: Essentials of Embedded Systems, using the Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design. Download Fast And Effective Embedded Systems Design full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online free Fast And Effective ... read more

The surface below the excited region absorbs light, thus appearing darker than the other regions. Minimal background knowledge is needed to start. Thus, a designer cannot simply be a hardware expert or a software expert, as is commonly the case today; the designer must be an expert in both areas. power performance size NRE cost time. In a gate array technology, the masks for the transistor and gate levels are already built i. Using Digital Inputs 3.

FREE [PDF] DOWNLOAD Environmental Science in Building Building and Surveying Series -- 4dc6c7c65e. GERMAN RODRIGUEZ CARRILLO. An instruction typically has two parts, an opcode field and operand fields. We will implement this state diagram using a register to store the current state, and combinational logic to generate the output values and the next state. Acquire a databook for a microcontroller. Written by two experts in the field, fast and effective embedded systems design free pdf download, this book reflects on the experimental results, develops and matches theory to practice, evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the technology and techniques introduced, and considers applications in a wider context. The assembly-language programmer places each ISR at a specific address in program memory.